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LE BAROSf & NISSLY, Proprietors.
SALINE, WASHTENAW COUNTY, MICHIGAN,   NOVEMBER 18, 1880.
VOL. I.-NO. 1.
NEWS SUMMARY.
Important Intelligence from All Parts.
Domestic.
Is his annual report General Pope, commanding the Department of the Missouri,
expresses the opinion that there is little
probability of trouble with the TJtes, the barrenness of their lands keeping away the
whites, but regards the death of Ouray as a.
public misfortune. The Navajoes are the
most formidable, mustering two thousand
fighters. The, General hopes for an early
decision upon the right of white men to settle in Indian Territory.
Massachusetts, according to the official
census report, has a population of 1,783,085.-
Tbe females.exceed the males by 66,044.
The number of persons of foreign birth is
443,116, and there are 19,004 colored persons. "
Br the embezzlements of a cashier named
Berry the Bergen County Savings Bank and
the Bank of Bergen County, New Jersey,
have been forced to suspend. One hundred
thousand dollars in, funds and securities were
missing on the 12th, and the dishonest cashier was sick and under guard in his home.
Adjuta^t-GeneraIi Dkum, in his annual
report, recommends young men to enter military organizations during their school life.
He says that the military duties need not
necessarily interfere with the r scholastic
studies, and that the advantages to themselves and the Nation from connection with
such organizations would more than compensate for the time lost. General Drum also
favors -a uniform.system of tactics, rules and
forms for the regular army and the militia.
Twosmali, children left alone by their
mother in a house on Poplar street, Milwaukee, were burned to death on the 12th.
The Methodist Missionary Committee has
fixed the round sum to be raised by the
churches at §77S,034, including a debt of §112,-
000, which sum .is divided up among the annual conferences.
According to the statistics compiled by
the National Cotton Exchange, 1,507,945
bales of cotton of this year's crop have been
shipped from Southern ports or by rail to
Northern manufacturing points—an increase
01^1,67,781 balds over the shipments for the
sam.e period last year. '
Life insurance policies in the Michigan
Aid Association for §4,000 each, issued to
Charles Olson and Olef L. Sanguest, inclosed
in a battle, have floa"ed ashore nearMuske-
gon,-and are in possession of Governor H6;t,
The holders of these policies resided in Chicago and are known to have been on the
Alpena.
Special postal arrangements have been
made between the United States and France,
by which, after the 1st of January, packages
of merchandise not exceeding twelve ounces
in weight, and" of dimensions not exceeding
twelve inches in length, eiiht inches in
width and four inches in thickness, can be
sent from one country to the other through
the mails.
Bfeixg the week ended on the 13th there
were 415,994 standard silver dollars distributed; during the same period in 1879 the
number distributed was 291,499.
ItIs stated th it the recent re-enumeration
of the inhabitants of St. Louis shows a total
population of 34),S60—an increase of 6,0J0
over the first census.
The. Chicago & Northwestern Railroad
earned last year a net income of §9,405,400.
Five passengers were killed and five injured.
A special train was run on the Fort Wayne
Railroad on the 14th 104 miles in 105 minutes.
'A "Ladies' Stock and Mining Exchaxge"
in New York, which -has recently collapsed,
appears to have been conducted by a Mrs.
Warren on the same principle of Mrs. Howe's
fraudulent Women's Bank in Boston. A
good many women who were foolish enough
to invest in it have lost everything.
General Ord, commanding the Department of Texas, reports that nine men were
killed and two men wounded and one captured by the Indians since the 1st of October,
1879. The General complains of a large num-
bar of1 desertions from the ranks. He recommends that a large force be maintained
on the Rio Grande to preserve order in that
quarter.
Ogdex, Utah, wi'l have in operation in
January, from a flag-staff on the court-house,
four electric lights of three thousand candle-
power, each of which is guaranteed to illuminate a mile in diameter.
Personal and Political.
A Columbus (Ohio) dispatch of the 10th
slates that Governor Foster had received the
resignation of James* A. Garfield as member
of Congress from the Nineteenth Ohio Districts The Nineteenth District, at. the time
sOf'General Garfield's election to Congress,
was not composed wholly of the same territory of which it is now constituted. The
writ for an election to fill the vacancy; was
issued for November 30, and sent to
those counties which composed the Nineteenth Dtstrietab' the time General Garfield
was elected, it being held that the territory
composing that district has vested rights
which cannot be abrogated by an act of the
General Assembly.
A New Yohk dispatch states that in an interview with General Hancock, at Governor's
Islanfl on the llth, the General denied that
a letter purporting; to have been writ'en by
him to an army officer at Washiniton, touching the NewTork vote, was written by him,
and. said that he was on^ of the few persons
w&o could not discuss the Presidential election at the present time without indelicacy.
He also said that if there^was a letter in existence from him purporting to be of that
tenor he was willing that it should be produced.
A Nj?w York telegram of the llth says
that Morey and Lindsay, alias O'Brien, had
appeared before the Grand Jury of the New
York Court of General Sessions and confessed
that they had perjured themselves in the
hearing of the Philp case. Morey was held
as^a State witness, and O'Brien was indicted
for perjury.
With the exception of Judge Terry, who
ran, behind his ticket 205 votes, the Hancock Electors in California have a plurality
of V12.
Hon. Qrasmds Cole has been appointed
Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin- vice Chief-Justice Ryan, deceased, and
Hon. j, B-. Cassody has been appointed Associate Justice, vice Cole, promoted.
The National Democratic Executive Conn
mittee issued an address on the evening ot
the 12th, denying that they ever took any action in reference to the Morey letter, or even
saw it until after its publication.
The pflkial vote of Maryland for Presidential Electors is: Haneoek, 93,706; Garfield,
78,515.
The official returns show a total vote in
Pennsylvania of 874,783, divided as follows r
Garfield, 444,704; Hancock, 407,423; Weaver,,
20,618; Dow and others, 1,983"; Garfield's
plurality, 37,376; his majority over all, 14,625.,
I Ifffitim I'jiii AmtHMt
Dr. John Buchanax, of boa us medical-
diploma notoriety, pleaded guilty in a
Philadelphia Court on the 12th to the charge
of having sold bogus academic degrees.
At the late election in Nevada, Storey County cast 13 votes in favor of and 5,114 votes
against Chinese immigration.
The official returns from all the counties
of Iowa foot up as follows: Total vote cast,
323,842—an increase of 3Q.953 over the vote of
1876. For Garfield, 183,954; for Hancock,
105,928; for Weaver, 33,590; scattering, 470.
Garfield's majority over Hancock, 78,126;
over all, 44,066.
The Granville (S. C.) Daily News of the
I3th publishes a letter from Senator Hampton, in which he says he regards the Presidential election as settled, and that-he
should oppose any action looking to contest on mere technical grounds as revolutionary.
Judge Noah Davis delivered a lengthy decision in the Philp forgery case on the 13th. He
held that it was fully and indisputably proved
that the Morey letter was a forgery; that
there was no such person In existence as H.
L. Morey or J. W. Goodall; that the letter
never went to Lynn; that the envelope was
erased and doct ore d to make* it appe ar th at
the letter went there; and that the writing
on the envelope, the body of the letter and
the signature were in the same handwriting;
and further that whoever wrote it was guilty
of a mal icious libel. He also held that those
who published the letter^ knowing that it was
not genuine, or who had not pretty good evidence of its genuineness, were guilty of "libel.
Philp was held for trial on charge of criminal
libel.
JForeigrn.     ^
The Greek Cabinet is actively advancing
military preparations, and the army will be
ready for the field in March.
St. Petersburg dispatches of the 12th say
that all the Nihilists implicated in the plot
against the life of the Czar had been convicted, five receiving sentence oS death,
eleven of hard labor in the mines from life
terms to fifty years, and three women of
penal servitude for fifteen years.
A Constantinople telegram of the 12th
says the Turks were making extensive
preparations for the expected war with
Greece, and secret orders had been issued to
behead any Greek in Turkey found to.be
aiding his countrymen.
Bank notes, of the value of 600,030 francs
were stolen from a postman in Rue St Vinne,
Paris, on the 12th.
Mr. Wheeler, who was shot dead in Lim^
erick County, Ireland, was not a land agentj
as at first reported, but a young farmer who
took land from'which a family had been
evicted. His murder seems to have been
planned with considerable deliberation. The
shot was fired from behind a Wall after nightfall.
The Catholic Bishop of Cashel, Ireland,
announces that the Irish Bishops will subscribe liberally to the fund for the defense of
Parnell and his co-agitators.
A scarcity; of, food has induced 3,000 citizens to leave Dulcigno.
The Persians and Kurds recently fought a
great battle-near" 33a Uj Balak, resulting in"
the defeat of the latter. The Persian Commander-in-Chief was killed, and a Teheran
dispatch of the 14th says that 2,000 bodies lay
unburied on the battle field.
The British Parliament will meet in regular
session on the 25th of January.
ATeheran^ dispatch received in London on
the 14th says great excitement existed in
Ourmiah, against the Christians, particularly
the American missionaries, for their supposed
complicity with the Kurds.
The Stellarton (N. 8.) coal mine, the scene
of the recent explosion, was " flooded with
water on the 13th in the hope of extinguishing the raging fires, but to no apparent good
purpose. Another explosion occurred about
midnight, which blew the roof and gear of the
fan shaft high in the air, and on the 14th still
another explosion took place. Workmen
were engaged all day on the 14th digging a
trench with a view of turning all the water
in a neighboring stream into the mine. The
loss of life by the explosion was about fifty.
* ,  ■ *«i —
LATER IVEWS.*
The recent failure of the two banks at
Hackensack, N. J., caused by the embezzlement of the cashier, is the cause of great distress in that community. Barry, the defaulter, has been sent to jail charged with the
-embezzlement of $80,000 or more.
General Sherman's report to the Secretary of War was made public on the 15th.
Among other things, he recommends that
the army be increased to 30,000 enlisted men,
and says that he agrees with General Sheridan in saying that the present army is overworked; he favors providing suitable armaments for the forts which L,uard the chief harbors of the country, and; thinks that in view
of the extension of railroads in the Western
States and territories, particularly the completion of the Pacific Roads, many of the
minor posts in these regions might be abandoned, and recommends that the soldiers be
concentrated, at strategic, points along the
National frontier, and at points where railroads intersect, so that they could be moved
to threatened points at the shortest notice.
Complete official returns from all the
counties in Minnesota make Garfield's majority 39,073.
The sculling-match on the Thames on the
loth between Hanlan, of Canada, and Trick-
ett, the Australian Champion, was won easily
by the former.
The County Cork Land League has urged
tenant-farmers to poison all game on their
respective holdings.
The Minnesota State. Insane Asylum at St.
Peter was totally destroyed by lire on the
evening of the 15th. There were 600 inmates,
and it was feared that many of them had
perished in the burning builuing.
THEOflicial count of the vote in Missouri
shows as follows: Hancock, 2j8,5S9; Garfield, 153,587; Weaver, 35,i35; Haueock's
plurality, 55,002; majority, j9,867. lotal vote,
ot the State, 397,311—aii increase over that of
1876 0153,272. ,   ,       ,
The official count of the election in Rhode
Island gives Garfield118,195; Hancock, 10,778;
Weaver, 236; Dow, 20.
It was reported on the C13tb that Sitting
Bull, who had recently evinced a disposition
to surrender; had since b.d defiance to the
United States Government, and stated that
he would fight to the, bitter end, and that he
would die rather than surrender.
The Agricultural Department issued a
statement on the 15th as to the Condition of
the cotton, wheat and oat crops throughout
the country. In the States bordering on the
Mississippi River the cotton crop had suffered by recent heavy rains, and it would not
be as good as last year, in the Carolinas,
Georgia and Florida the crop promised to
be from four to fifteen per cent, better than
last year, while in Texas it would be fully
twenty per cent, better. The wheat crop of
the country will yield about31,000,000 bushels
more than that of last year. The aveiage
yield per acre was better in Minnesota and
Ca.iiornia, but hotsq good in other States.
The oat crop was not as good as that of last
year.
OCCURRENCES OF INTEREST..
Postal Statlatlca.     .
Washington, November IL
The forthcoming report of Assistant Postmaster-General Hazen makes an interesting
exhibit of the operations of the registry system. The total number of letters and parcels
registered throughout the country during the
fiscal year ended June 30 last was 6,996,513,
of which in round numbers 5,250,000 were
domestic letters, 450,000 domestic parcels,
third and fourth class matter, 268,000 letters
to foreign countries^ 8,250 parcels to foreign
countries, and upwards of 1,003,003 letters
and parcels of official matter, forwarded for
the Government and by law exempt from the
payment of registry fees. The amount of fees
collected w.ere §595,774, an increase of nearly
thirty per cent, over the preceding year. The
increase in the number of letters and parcels
registered was 1,567,491. The actual losses of
registered matter during the year were 1,118
letters and parcels, which is at the rate of one
in about every 6,200. This is proportionately
smaller loss than for the previous year.
The newly-authorized rogistratian,.of third
and fourth-class matter (merchandise, etc.) is
reported to be still attended With extraord-'n-
ary* success; 153,523 parcels were registered
during the fiscal year at the New York City
Post-Ofiice alone. "
General Hazen, in view of the fact that most
Of the losses of registered matter occur on
"star-service" routes, recommends that mail
contractors on star routes be held accountable
for.losses directly traceable to carelessness or
other fault of their agents, and suggests that
in all contracts hereafter a clause be inserted
providing for stfeh accountability.
Auditor McGrew's report shows the number
of domestic money orders issued for the fiscal
year to be 7,240,537, amounting to $100,353,819.
The principal foreign money-order business
was as follows: With Great Britain, 116,773 orders issued, amounting to §1,625,913, and"18,912
paid, amounting to §338,090; Canada, 25,-
895 orders issued, amounting to §511,617, and
23,213 paid, amounting to §422,730; Germany,
63,855 orders issued for §1,014,463, and 22,655
orders paid, amounting to §637,157. The total
of net revenue to the Government from the
money-Order business of the year, §269,205.
Singular Case* of Hydrophobia.
A late Providence (ft. f.v special to the New
Tork Sim says: Last Monday a little son of
James Molyneaux,, of this city, was taken
down with symptoms of hydrophobia. On
Tuesday the disease was clearly defined. The
child is nine years old, and had been bitten, as
nearly-as his parents could learn, some three
weeks before by a cur on the street. All of
the more violent symptoms of hydrophobia set
in. His convulsions produced tfie .choking
noise that is sometimes likened to the snapping
of a dog, and there was the attendant foaming
- at the month. While driS* father and mother
We're tending him he bit them both, and it
being impossible to care for him at home he
was sent to the Rhode Island Hospital.
Last evening Mrs. Molyneaux, the mother,
without the slightest premonition excepting a
feeling of lassitude, was suddenly convulsed.
She was sitting at the time with some f riend3
at her residence on Ship street. The spasms
became more, violent; frothing at the mouth
and other symptoms that had been noticed in
the boy were observed. It was impossible for
the friends to control her. They say she
snapped at them whenever they approaehedr
and that this action caused them to remember
that she had been bitten by the little boy
Hany/ Mr. Molyneaux was away, and the
police were therefore notified. An officer
cautiously entered the room and approached
the bed on which Mrs. Molyneaux was lying.
She seemed to have gone there in a moment
of temporary relief, but the moment she saw
the officer she sprang , at him. The officer
for a few minutes had a terrible struggle. He could have mastered the
woman easily, but he feared that in the
struggle that would be. necessary she
might bite him. He seized the bedclothes and
wound them in a great bunch around his arms,
and thus protected himself. He also shouted
for help, and shortly three officers arrived,
Mrs. Molyneaux's hoiis°figbeing but a short dis.
tance from the station. The officer then, using
the bedclothes to protect himself, forced Mrs.
Molyneaux as gently as possible back to the
bed, and threw the blankets quickly over her
face. In a second the other officers, with the
police, surgeon,, who had arrived with an ambulance; had secured Mrs. Molyneaux, and She
was taken to the hospital. Sergeant Runkin,
of the police, says he never saw a more terrible sight than was this woman's condition
when they were binding her. He describes
her utterances as almost perfect imitations of
the growling of a dog-, and says she Would set
her teeth and snap as dogs do. The most painful part of it all was that Mrs. Molyneaux
seemed fully conscious, and her mental sufferings were greater than the physical. ,
Mr. Molyneaux, the husband, who was ulso
bitten by his -son, was at his place of business, being employed in some capacity at
night in the steam-mills. He did not know
this morning of his wife's condition, and the
officers of the mill were anxious .to keep the
fact from him. v.
Some years ago, when there was what might
almost,be termed an epidemic of hydrophobia in the Connecticut "Valley, a man. in the
last paroxysms bit his attendant. The physicians watched the attendant for some months,
intending to make a careful study of the
disease, but the attendant was never tho
worse for the bite.
* ■
Curious Election Bets.
The loser in a Memphis bet is to stand on
his head five * minutes, in a public square,
with a Garfield banner suspended* from his
fe'et.
In Oswego, N. Y., a groceryman bet his store
against a neighbor's meat market that Hancock would be elected. He turned over his
wager like a man, but the butcher declined to
accept it.
In Ogdeflsburg, N. Y., William Alger bet his
mustache against A. A. Babcock's whiskers
that Garfield would not be elected. The"other
morning he had his mustache cut off and sent
to Mr. Babcock.
George P. Knowls, of Racine, Wis., won from
Edwin Childs, of Dakota, one section of good
farm land, six hundred and forty acres. The1
bet was §3,03J against a certain described
section that New York State would give Garfield fromLQ10 tO.o.OQOltepublicanmajority.  ..
A combination bet was made by ten Democrats and ten Republicans in Houston, Tex.
The losers were to harness themselves to a
stagp-eoach and draw the winners through the
principal street. In both parties were some
of the foremost men.of the city. >■
A wheelbarrow bet in Baltimore resulted in
more of a show than was expected. ^ie lpser
was annoyed, while wheeling the winner over
the stipulated route, by the taunts of the latter, and followed up the payment of the wager
by whipping him soundly.
Joseph iS. Miller and Henry Kleindients, of
Rochester, N. Y., bet on the election, the loser
to walk a block at noon attired in his wife's
night-dress. Miiler lost, and at noon, a few
days ago, appeared and walked in Mrs. Miller's
night-gown, followed by a crowd of men and
boys.
■ A Harrisburg man was caught by the tricky
offer of a wager that one city in the United
States of over 100,000 inhabitants would not
give 500 votes for Hancock. The stake was a
supper for tho Ward Campaign Club of the
winner. The city named was Washington,
where there Is no yotingfor President at* all'.
The victim said nothing, except to name the
time and the place? for the supper. On that
occasion the viands looked all right, and were
just such as the written terms of the bet
called for; but they wore found to be seasoned with snuff and other unpalatable sub'
stances.
THE GLACIAL MAN IN AMERICA.
In that distant age when Nature was still
toiling at the foundations of the Eastern Continent, portions of America had become dry
land, and mountain-peaks in North Carolina
were illuminated by rising and setting suns.
,It is, therefore, an anachronism to speak of
America as the New World, especiaUy when
we remember the high antiquity of the fauna
of North America. Still it is believed that the
Eastern Continent was the original abode of
man.
But when, or under what circumstances, did
America receive her first human inhabitant?
Heretofore those who have discussed the question have assigned the event to a comparatively modern period, and have considered the
probability of immigrations from Asia by
Behring Strait; while others have suggested
early transatlantic movements, or the peopling
of America from a lost continent of the Pacific
Ocean. The discovery of stone implements,
however, in the glacial deposits of the Delaware Valley gives a fresh turn to the discussion, and carries the ques km back to remote
periods. It is true that the great antiquity of
man on this continent had been maintained
previously, but the evidence was quite unlike
what is now offered. Yet, whatever may be
concluded ultimately respecting- the antiquity
of the Delaware flints, it is quite apparent that
the red-man found in America at the period of
its rediscovery by Cabot, Vespucci and Columbus was not the descendant of any glacial man.
No line of connection can be made out. This,
continent does not appear to have any Kent's
Hole like that at Torbay, affording a continuous history, beginning with the cave-bear and
ending with "W. Hodges, of Ireland, 1688."
The race that rose to wealth and power in
Central America did not succeed any rude
spear-maker. More and more is it becoming
evident that" the people of Central Amerif
ca sprang from a superior race inhabiting the bonders of the Mediterranian. This
is indicated by a certain similarity'
in manners, customs, architecture and
religion. Investigations, now in progress,
promise to yield the approximate date of the
period when the first conquerors of Mexico
and Yucatan crossed the sea. The Spaniards
learned that the people whom they conquered
had themselves figured in the role of invaders,
entering from a country called Tulan or Tu-
lapan, and overrunning the then dominant
race. It may yet be demonstrated that this
took place about the thirdyearof the Christian
era. But who were these earlier inhabitants?
These we believe were not the descendants of
an indigenous race any more than were the
later tribes. There is nothing to show' that
they were ever connected in America with any
glacial or pliocene man. They might, however, be referred to still more remote migrations from Europe, "which may have taken
place in connection with events that gave rise
to the story of the lost continent of Atlantis,
as related by Plato. The so:caHed aboriginal
red-man is compafatively a modern, although
the author of "Leaves of Grass" asks concerning "the friendly and flowing savage," is
he '/waiting for civilization or past it and
mastering it?" However this may be he is
wandering over the graves of peoples who left"
no record of their exploits, either in the continent where they sprung into life or where
they died. It is, indeed, a significant fact that
the East furnishes no very plain tradition of
any exodus which peopled America. The prehistoric emigrant must have been possessed
of the idosyncrasies of those who
" fold their tents like the Arabs
And silently steal away."
The absence of such traditions is nevertheless not at all surprising, since the people of
•antiquity, aud notably the Phoenicians, guarded their distant maratime discoveries with
care. Indeed, we wholly misapprehend the
spirit of that remote age, in supposing that
the navigators would hasten" to show the way
to new found lands.aiKLpi'OClaim their discoveries to all the world. This* was not even the
spirit of the sixteenth century, for at that period, in the spirit of the Tyrian and -Sidonian
sailor the Spaniards and the French had their
plans for stopping the advance of other nations—the one bj' fortifying the straits of Magellan, and the other by holding, the supposed
route to the Indies by wajr of the St. Lawrence.
It is now gradually becoming apparent that
the peopling of America was - accomplished by
more than onerace of emigrants, and that at
least two distinct expeditions went from Europe to Mexico and Yucatan before the Spaniards. This question therefore, has its historic and archaeological side, and consists of a
number of very distinct lines, which are to be
studied separately by specialists, in the conviction that no one theory .or set o£ facts covers the whole ground. Several distinct* contributions were made by theinhabitants of the
Eastern Continent toward the peopling of
America, and, by means of, a careful division
of labor, we may yet reach some satisfactory
solution of a subject" that has so. long baffled
inquiry. Such studies may be conducted on
strictly scientific principles as well as those
prosecuted with relation to the story of life in
general on this continent; for, if we may ac-"
cept as historic the representation of Professor
Marshj, who pictures the American primates
making their Avay over the miocene bridge at
Behring Strait to Europe and failing, later,
when differentiated, to return, because the
bridge had broken down, man alone returning
to the country of his "earlier ancestry," it is
certainly reasonable to hope that the origin of
those races not connected with the in-comer
by Behring Strait may be satisfactorily explained.
At what period the Atlantic was first crossed
by man it is impossible now to conjecture. It
was nevertheless navigated in very early times
and was a .sea of light, though, at. the dawn .of-
history it appearsasthe "Seaof Darkness,"in-
spiring no little apprehension and dread; while
Albiuovinus sends out Germanicus upon the
sea with a ruit ipsa dies. Under the circumstances, therefore," the old discussions Will be
continued, though the subject of the glacial
man in America may be pursued as something
wholly independent-.     ■
But was there any glacial man in America?
To this question the answer is distinct, though
given with the reserve which the subject justifies. "For the best that is known, Ave are chiefly indebted to Dr. C C. Abbott, who was first
to call attention to the stone implements
found in the glacial deposits of the Delaware Valley. These implements are
chiefly of argellite, though examples of flint
occur at higher levels. They have been found
at the bluffs near Trenton, both in position
where deposited and among the debris at the
base. Dr. Abbott says " Perhaps it is a wise
caution that is exercised in but provisionally
admitting the great antiquity of American
man, but, were these rude implements not
attributed to an inter-glacial people,
their coequal age with the containing beds
would never have been questioned." On this
point the Curator of the Peabody Museum at
Cambridge observes, in the tenth annual report: "Dr. Abbott has probably obtained data
which show that man existed on our Atlantic
coast during the time of, if Hot prior to, the
formation of the great gravel deposit which
extends toward the coast from the Delaware
River, near Trenton, and believed to have
been formed by glacial action. Prom a visit
to the locality with Dr. Abbott, I see no reason to doubt the general conclusion he has
reached in regard to the existence of man in
glacial times on the- Atlantic coast of North
America."
The support given to Dr. Abbott's conclusions by investigators stamps them as of high
interest, while his own arguments are entitled
to the same respectful consideration. Several
of his observations are not easily set aside.
For/instance, he says, " if the same age is ascribed to these paleolithic implements and the
ordinary Indian relics," then, as already asked,
" how could the one series become imbeddod,
often to great depths, and not representatives
of any class of weapons, domestic utensils and
Ornaments?" It would, indeed, be a singular
operation of Nature that selected one, class of
relics only for preservation. The conclusion
is, " that in the essentially unmodified debris
of the terminal moraine in central New Jersey
arid in others upon the surface (which, however, are in part Only of more recent origin,)
it is shown that the occupancy of this portion
of our continent by man extends back into the
history of our globe, in all probability to even
an earlier date than tho great ice age; and that
the maximum severity of the climate did not
destroy him; and that subsequently iietenant-
ed our seacbast and river-valleys, until a
sironger and more warlike race drove him
irtfta our shores."
it is uot the purpose of the writer, however,
to attempt to add anything to the argument,
especially as he is assured that the question
now see'nk to concern the probability of man
having iixisted in America prior to the glacial
period. We, therefore, take the evidence as it
stands, leaving its strengthening or overturnr
ing, as the event may prove, to the future,
aiming in this article to give a fuller illustration than has heretofore been attempted of
the agreement of the theory with accepted history; for, possibly, it may eventually appear
that the glacial man is more closely connected
with historic man than could have been expected. '      '       ' "  .
Professor Marsh observes thatu the evidence
as it stands to-day, although not conclusive,
seems to place the first appearance of man in
this country in the Pliocene*" adding that
" the best proofs of this are found upon the
Pacific coast." The proofs, however, are a
little shadowy, consisting of a stray bone or
two, instead of stone axes and arrow-heads;
though it is clearer that some of the first inhabitants whenever they came entered from
Asia by Behring Strait, the destruction of the
miocene bridge, whieh.once existed there, not
impeding their advance. It is unnecessary,
however, to suppose that the glacial man was
unable to find his way westward from Central
Europe. The notion that man in that remote
age could not navigate great seas is „ simply a
notion, and likewise it is a notion that more
than anything else prevents the advance of
scientific inquuy respecting the early colonization of America. Two men in a skiff to-day
navigate the entire breadth of the Atlantic,
but such a feat forms no new thing under the
sun. In the glacial age communication between Europe and America may have been
more easy than is now suspected, while a large
portion of'tfie journey may have been made
over fields of ice. The passage" of the glacial
man from Europe possibly presented no greater difficulties than the migration of the Esquimaux from Labrador to Greenland. But, however man may have reached America, the theory that the Indian peoples sprang from any
glacial stock seems untenable. This, then,
necessitates the inquiry respecting the subsequent history of the primitive inhabitant; otherwise, what became of him?
* That a people corresponding in the main to
the supposed glacial man once dwelt as far
south as New Jersey has been agreed by various writers, without any reference to the contents of the glacial deposits, .of whose existence they did not dream. When, for instance,
we turn, to the Icelandic Sagas relating to
America, it becomes apparent that the Esquimaux once flourished low down upon/the Atlantic coast.     * "..■-"■'    *
At the present time historians agree, with
great unanimity, that the continent of
America was visited during the "tenth
and eleventh centuries by Icelanders rest?
dent in Greenland. That country was
colonized by the Icelanders in the year
935, and when Eric the Red entered Greenland
he found no inhabitants. The third Greenland
"Narrative," however, says: " They found
there, both east and west, ruins of houses and
pieces of boats and stone-work begun. From
which it is tobeseen what kind of people lived
in Vinland, .and which the Greenlanders call
Skraellings, and who have been there." Thus
at that early period the remains in Greenland
were identified as works peculiar to the people
of Vinland, a region; according to the Sagas,
lying southward toward the forty-first parallel.
The account of what the Icelanders saw in
Vinland is found in  the  narratives  of Leif
and others.   In 986 one Biarne; when sailing
for Greenland, was blown upon the American
coast and upon his return carried the report of
the country to Greenland.    In the year 1000,
Leif Erickson resolved to visit the region seen
by Biarne, and, sailing southward from Greenland, readied the place.    The narrative says:
" The country appeared to them of so good a
kind that it would not be necessary for them
to gather fodder for  the  cattle in winter.
There was no frost in winter,- and the grass
was was not much withered."    The observation that there was no frost was simply an exaggeration natural to an Icelander coming into a country with a climate" so unlike that to
which he had been accustomed. Morton wrote
home to England that coughs and colds were
li'tktwion in New England.    Leif's narrative
says nothing about any inhabitants; but in
1002, Thorvald, his brother, sailed to Vinland5
and found some people at a place a little to
the northward of Leif's resort.   The Saga says
that one day, when opposite a cape, they "saw
three specks upon the sand," and that, upon
examination,   they found  that   these  were
" three skin-boats with three men under each
boat."   Cruelly attacking them for the plunder, the Icelanders killed eight, while one man
escaped with his boat.    They also saw " several eminences which they took to be habitations." Afterwardjtheyrestedandfellasleepon
board their vessels, only to be awakened by the
natives, who" had been notified by themanthat
escaped and who had now come to avenge the
death of their comrades. When the alarm was
sounded, " an innumerable multitude, from
the interior of the bay, came in skin-boats and
laid themselves alongside."    The Northmen
at once put up their  " war-screens" on the
gunwales and the Saga says: "The Skraellings
.shot at them for a while and then fled away as
fast as they could."   They did not retreat,
however, before dealing Thorvald, the leader
of the expedition, his death-wound, it being
given by an arrow which struck under his arm.
Thorvald was buried on the shore supposed
to be the coast of Massachusetts Bay.   This Is
the first recorded collision between Europeans
and/those whom we propose to call the descendants of the glacial man.   It shows them
as strong and not wanting in the courage
that would fit men for the struggle with nature during the great ice period that prevailed
in America,
In 1006 Thorfinn Karlsefne sailed to Vinland with an expedition and reached the place
formerly visited by, Leif and Thorvald. where
they wintered in a very inild climate. But one
spring morning, while oh an exploring expedition, apparently near Long Island Sound, when
" they looked around, they saw a great many
skin-boats and poles swung upon them and it
sounded like reeds shaken by the wind, and
they pointed toward the sun. Then said Karlsefne, 'What may this mean?' Sriorre Thor-
brandson replied, 'It may be that this is-a
sign of peace, so let us take a white shield and
hold it toward them.' They did so. Thereupon they rowed toward them and came to
land. These people were swarthy and fierce
and had bushy hair on their heads; they had
very large eyes and broad cheeks." TheNorth-
men, however,'were not attacked andremained
there until spring, the statement being that
"there was no snow and all their cattle fed
themselves on the grass.'' But in the opening
of 1009 the Skraellings returned, offering *• 'skins
and real furs " for red cloth, the Northmen
refusing to sell them swords and spears?
Finally, a bull which belonged to the Icelanders
began to bellow, when the Skrajllings became
frightened and rah to their boats, "rowing away
south. At the. end of three weeks, neyg$he-
less, " a great number of SkraeUi»>gboatsWere
seen comiug from the south like a-rushing
torrent, all the poles turned from the sun, aud
they all yelled very loud.1' Karlsefne saluted
them with his red shield, the' sign of war,
•' and after this they went against each other
and fought. There*was a hot shower of missiles, because the Skraellings had slings." At
the outset, "Karlsefne* was forced to retreat,
but a rally^FasVmi^e and the Skraellings retreated. * lib is also said that "two men fell on
Karlsefne% side, but a number of Skrajllings."
The Saga states that Karlsefne was overmatched", so many natives appearing that it
was difficult to. believe that they were real
men, but rather optical, illusions- ;In connection with the fight an incident occurred which
seems tp show that the Skraellings belonged
to a people of the stone age; for one of them
found an ax and cut a piece of wood with it
and thought it was a "fhie thing." But when
he tried to cut a stone it broke. Then " they
thought it was of no use, because it would not
cut stone, and threw it away." It would appear from this that stone was their standard.
Afterward, during a short expedition northward, the Northmen found "five Skrajllings
clad in skins, asleep near the shore. They had
with them vessels'containing animal marrow
mixed with blood." These were killed. Soon
after they fancied that they saw men with one
leg called "TJnipeds," and for this piece of
imagination the narrative has been objected to
as unreal, the objector forgetting that the
Uniped is avery ancient institution frequently
mentioned by sailors. Charlevoix reports a St.
Malo captain, who, when in America, saw men
with "one leg and thigh." A young Labrador
girl captured in 1717 told of those her countrymen who had only one leg\ * .
Finally, Karlsefne decided hot to expose his
little colony, and prepared to sail for Greenland. On "the voyage home they landed in
Markland, supposed to be Nova Scotia, and
«2|i
"found there five Skraellings, and one was
bearded,"two were females and two boys; they
took the boys, but the others escaped, and the
Skraellings sank down into the ground;" that
is, disappeared among the hillocks or slipped
into their subterranean dens. The Saga says
that the boys were'taught Icelandic and were
baptised. They called their mother Vathelldi,
and their father Uvsege. They<.also said that
two kings ruled over the Skraellings, one being named Avalldania and the other Valldida.
These boys also reported that they had no
houses in Markland, but that the people lived
in " caves or holes."
The second narrative of Karlsefne treats the
subject of the Skraellings in the same way, except that these people were of "small" stature." The third narrative states that .when
the bull (one of the small Icelandic species)
began to bellow, the Skraellings "made off
with their bundles, and these were of furs, and
sables, and all sorts of skins, and they turned
and wanted to go into the houses, but Karlsefne defended the doors," Also, before the
fight commenced there was more trading, and
the women brought out "milk and dairy
produets," . which pleased the Skraellings so
much, that, as the Saga says, -"the%' carried
away their winnings in their bellies."" Such is
the account that we have of the Skraellings in
the Sagas relating to America. These people
do not appear to be referred to again in connection with the voyages, though a geographical fragment mentions "Helluland,"
which is called ;" Skraellings Land," not far
from Vinland the Good
The delineation of the people found by the
Icelanders in the mild regions of the Atlantic
coast is brief but it is sufficient to fix their
character.; i)Rafn, when editing the original
Icelandic records pointed out the fact tuat
these^people agree with" the Esquimaux and
Greenlanders of to-day. The critic who supposed that the Saga writer should have described a people with the characteristics of the
red-man fancied that he found an error indicating their unhistorical character. The Indian
however, was a late comer upon the extreme
eastern border of North America, Indeed the
oldest distribution of the American races does
not antedate the tenth century arid therefore
the appearance of the'Skraelliug in the Sagas,
instead of the Indian is precisely what truth
required. •■■■■•
It is hardly necessary to restate the points
in the description; for, instead of the tall red-
man found by later voyagers on the coast, so
gentle, kindly disposed, generous and hospitable—traits well nigh o bliterated by subsequent
Contact with the whites—we have men of snort
statute, brushy hair, rude, fierce aud devoid of
every grace, Also, here in this country covered with, fine forest trees, the principal article of value to the Icelander) the people made
their boats of skin like the Greenland kyjaelc,
instead of the bark or the trunks of trees, as
often practiced by the Indians, and described
by Champlain. The men described* in the
Saga evidently did not know the use of metals,
and they despised the ax when it was found
that it would not cut stone. In the fight with
Karlsefne's men they slew Thorbrand with a
flat stone (hcllusteitm), perhaps a celt, which
they "drove into his head,"thus illustrating, possibly the rude warfare of the glacial
man. Nor should it be forgotten that, while
even in the dead of winter the New England
Indians wore almost no clothing, these men,
encountered by the Icelanders were clad in -
furs after the spring had set in.
Another resemblance is found in the fact
that both the Skraellings and the Greenlanders
used slings, the latter being mentioned by
Davis, $ie first European who visited. Greenland In modern times. But a still more valuable fact is mentioned by this writer in connection, with the voyage of 1585. It lias already been stated" that, when in Vinland,
Karlsefne found that the Sknellings used to
indicate peaceful intentions by pointing certain implements to ward the sun, while, when
turnedfromthe sun, they indicated war. Thus
In Greenland the natives, to indicate peaceful
intentions, pointed to-the sun with" their
hands, alter striking their breasts, refusing to
trust themselves with the English until the
later had done the same, though one of their
number appointed for the purpose, "who
strooke his breast andpoynted to the sunne
after their order.'? Davis thus appears a?
dealing with descendants of the glacial-man.
H we are correct In supposing that there
was a glacial man and that the Skraellings
were descendants of such a glacial man, it follows that we have in the Sagas four of his
words, which may be the oldest known words
of human speech: " Vathelldi," " Uvaege,"
" Avalldadia," and " Vallida," the names of
the parents of the Skraelling boys and of the
two Mugs. At least, in a recent note addressed to thfe writer, Professor Max Muller
says that there is nothing in the. language of
the Esquimaux to prevent us from assigning
it to an antiquity as high as that of the supposed glacial man.
During the eleventh century the red-man
lived upon the North Ameruan Conti'nent,
while the eastern border of his territory could,
not have been situated far away from the Atlantic coast. In New England he must have
succeeded, the people known as Skraellings.
Prior to that time his hunting-grounds lay
toward the interior of the continent. In course"
of time, however, he came into collision with
the ruder people on the Atlantic coast, the,
descendants of an almost amphibious glacial
man. Then the coast dweller, unable to'main-
taiii his position, retreated toward the far
north. The northward movement, however,
may have been voluntary in part. During long
ages passed in the companionship of the glacier, the race musthave acquired that taste and
fitness for boreal life, which clings to the native of the north to-day, and which make's the
Greenlauder feel that his country is the most
beautiful in the world.
The advance guard of the Skraellings had
reached Greenland before Eric the Red arrived
in 985. He found there, as we have seen, both
houses and boats, but no inhabitants. ,It was
inferred, at the time the Saga was committed
to writing, that the remains belonged to a.
people of the same race as those seen in Vinland at the south. These early Skraelling visitors had either perished or retired from Greenland. The Icelanders do not appear to have
met any Skrajllings in Greenland until a late
period—at least none are mentioned. But in
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Skraellings crowded into Labrador and the regions
bordering Baffin's Bay, preparatory to the
movement across to Greenland, though many
of them may have crossed to North Devon and
entered at the northwest. It is probable that
extreme necessity wassail the while urging
them oh, the red-man ""crowding upon their
rear with great energy. This is evident from
the fact that, when the French entered Canada
the region north of the »vt. Lawrence was occupied by the Indians. The struggle between
the Indians and the Skraellings was long continued, and one evidence of the contact may
be found In the common use of a certain engine of war, which-the Saga says was employed by the Skraellings in their fight with
Karlsefne.
It is said, "Karlsefne's men saw that they
raised up on a pole a very large ball, something like a sheep's paunch and of a blue color;
this they Swung from the pole over Karlsefne's
men upon the ground and it made a great
noise as it fell down. This caused great fear
with Karlsefne and his men."   The statement
t first appears curious and almost childish;
yet in Schoolcraft's work on the Indians (vol.
i, p. 83) maybe found a description of a similar engine employed in the ancient times, when
the red-men used to sewuparound bowlder in
the skin of an animal and hang it upon a pole
borne by several warriors, which, being swung
against a group of men did great execution.
The Skrajllings may, therefore, have acquired
the idea in their fights with the more skillful
red-man then pushing his way into their terri-
toi'y. Pursued by a superior force, we may
conclude that the Skraellings retrcatedinto the
north. Dr. Abbott himself is of this opinion,
saying, "When, also, we consider that the
several conditions of glacial times were largely those of Greenland and Arctic America
and that there is unbroken land communication between the desolate regions of the latter
and our own more favored land, aud, more
important than all, that there now dwells in
this ice-clad country a race which, not only in
the distant past, but until recently if they do
not now, used stone implements of the rudest
pattern—it is natural to Infer that the traces
of a people found here, under circumstances
that demonstrate a like condition of the country during their occupaucy, are really traces
of the same people." ,:
That the country as far south as New Jersey
was formerly adapted to boreal tribes is evident from the tact that the walrus has been
found at Long Branch, while the great auk
formerly flourished  around the  borders of
■**tKT "-St."' T-'f *-"'""'
Mount Desert in Maine. Dr. Henry Rink, who
for so many years superintended. the Danish
interests in Greenland and who, studied the
question without any reference ttfthe glacial
man, reached the conclusion that the " Esquimaux appear to have been the last wave of an
aboriginal American race, which has .spread
over the continent from more genial regions,
following principally the rivers and watercourses and continually yielding to the tribes
behind them, until they have at last peopled
the seacoast." Originally their distribution
was very wide and their language prevails today from Greenland to Labrador and the northeastern corner of Siberia. Professor Dawkins
holds that the paleolithic cave-dwellers of
Europe were of the same race as the Esqui-;
maux or Innuit, -though no such connection
can be shown between them as exists between
the Ancient Skraellings and the Esquimaux.
•The Icelandic records prove that the conflicts begun with the Skraellings in the eleventh
eentury in New England were -renewed in the
fourteenth in Greenland. Possibly it is to the
Skraellings that the final extinction of the Icelandic colony in Greenland may in part be attributed. Nevertheless, from the year 985
downto the vicinity of 1335, the Skraellings,
so far as the.records go, do not appear to have
given any trouble. But about that period they *
suddenly appeared in force. At that time the
western coast of Greenland was divided into
two districts, called the East and West Bygds,
there nevei having been any Europeans permanently inhabiting the eastern coast,.though
the Saga of " Thorgill's Nursling" shows that
a family or two of Ski-aellings may have dwelt
there. • w
That the Skrallings appeared, hi considerable forceis Indicated by the fact that an expedition was organized to meet them. The
" Chronicle" of Ivar Bardsen shows that Bard-
sen himself was selected by the colonists as
their commander. This " Chronicle" was composed during the second half of the fourteenth
century, but it is impossible to say in what
year. It is certain, however, that upon the
6th of August, 1340, Haquin, Bishop of Bergen, in Norway, commissioned Bardsen to act
lu Greenland, as the latter was born in that
countr}-, and was perfectly acquainted with
all its affairs. His commission is still preserved at Copenhagen and a copy may fie seen
in Rafn's " Amerikas Arctiske landes gamie
Geographic j" p. 47. - Whether the Green! and
colonists appointed; him their leader before or
after 1340 it is impossible now to say. Crantz,
in his work on Greenland, intimates that the
killing of some eighteen^p'ersons by the Skraellings led to the appointment of Bardsen. The
natives gave Crautz a tradition Respecting a
fight between their Skra^ling? ancestors and
the colonists, whom theycalled'" Keblunaets."
A quarrel sprang up about shooting arrows
and blood 'was shed, the natives declaring that
the Kablunaets were exterminated. This may
possibly explain what became of the remnant
of Europeans left in Greenland in the fifteenth
eentury, but it can not refer to the fourteenth,
as the communication was kept up withtxreen-
land during that period. It was in the year
1370 that the eighteen colonists were* slain.
"Islenzkir Annalar," page 331," says, under
that year, that hostile Skraellings invaded
Greenland, lolling eighteen men and carrying
away two boys captive- It is probable that
fro'mthis time the Skraellings proved formidable, though, whenBardsen wentinto the western district to meet them they were nowhere
to be found, having either hid themselves of
fied Into the inaccessible fastness of the
north. He nevertheless secured some of the
cattle belonging to the colonists and returned
southward to what was called the East Bygd.
In Bardsen's time the West BygA was evidently abandoned, Owing to the weakness of the
colonists; and he says, in his "Chronicle,",
that "now the Skraellings inhabit all the west
land and Dorps." It must have been from the
deserted West Bygd that they came to attack
the colonists in 1379: The Icelandic annals
of the fourteenth century mention no more
fighting In Greenland andin the fifteenth century Greenland is not mentioned. In this
manner Old Greenland passed from sight and
it was not until the seventeenth century that
the country was reoceupied by Europeans.
Some have supposed that the ancient colony
was cut off by the plague, but the little remnant may have been exterminated by "the
Skraellings, as the modern natives averred. fc
The following- brief statement of historical
facts puts the modern Esquimaux, or Innuit,
in connection with a people who dwelt a'ong
the temperate regions of the .Atlantic coast in
the eleventh century. It also indicates that
these rude people were driven by a superior
race into the far north, where they succeeded
the Europeans. These people were also of
very great antiquity. What, then, was their
origin? Who .else could theyhavebeenthan
the descendants of a glacial man?   *
It is true that none of the bOnes exhumed
on the Atlantic coast have been identified as
those of the Esquimaux, though if they existed as late as the eleventh century such remains should be found. Hitherto, however,
they have not been looked for, nearly everything exhumed being attributed to the red-
man as a matter of course. Nevertheless,
there have been those who have not felt satisfied with such a, disposition of the whole subject. In.many localities of Maine, for Instance,
the opinion lias prevailed of late that many of
the shell-heaps were not of Indian origin, and
that they should be referred to a more ancient
people. Certain indications attracted the attention of the writer long before any glacial
man was spoken of. On this pointDr. Abbott
makes a suggestion and argues that the stone
implements found indicate two races one, much
more advanced than the other. He writes:
" When Ave come to examine a full series of
ordinary surface-found arrow-points, as we
gather them by the score from our jfields, and
occasionally find associated with them a rude
implement of the type of those found in the
grayel -beds, we are naturally led to draw some
comparisons between the two widely different
forms. The arrow-heads and others, which
from their size may be considered as spea^, or
lance-heads, are of two quite different types,
being those made of jasper, chert, quartz and
rarely of argillite, of a dozen different patterns, and those of argillite of a nearly uniform pattern and of larger sizes, as~a rule; all
greatly weather-worn and varying notably
from the arrow-points of other "minerals in being of much coarser workmanship and in this
respect seeming to be a natural outgrowth of
the skill once exercised only in producing the
primitive forms of the glacial drift.1'
Butwhathave the modern Greenlandersto say
respecting their origin? They told Crantz
that all the people of the earth originated from
one man, who came from the earth, his wife
springing from his thumb. This may be their
version of what their ancestors learned from
the Icelandic colonists who were Christians.
Such stories throw no light upon their history,
though the Esquimaux gave their family
genealogies for ten generations. There is
nevertheless something in other accounts related by them which may possibly suggest traditions relating to changes that had taken
place upon the globe in the.past, and traditions that might have come d <wn from the
glacial period', when Nature conducted her
operations upon such a stupendous-scale. It
would appear as though their rude Intelligence
had argued what would take place in the future from what had transpired in the past.
Foriustance, it was their belief at the time the
missionary came among them that all of the
present race would become extinct and the
earth be broken up by some widely operating
force, and then purified by a vast flood of
water, after which the dust of the earth would
be blown together and become more beautiful
than before, as "the rocks would disappear, being covered with verdure. Now, in this was
their fancy stimulated by traditions that had
come down to them from glacial ancestors,
concerning what we call geological epochs, or
was this also taught them "by the Northmen?
It is, perhaps, to be regretted that we have so
few of these relations by the early Greenlauder,
as they might have proved useful in connection with the attempt to solve the question of
his origin. Nevertheless, the case is by no
means hopeless and testimony may yet be-discovered that will connect'him beyond question. •
with the glacial man.—B. J?. De Costa, in jPqp- .
idar Science Monthly.
Ci
TC--
&-
—Among the amusements in x>rgr^/
ration for thosdfc^intering in Algjjra
this season is a great lion hunt, under
the direction of the celebrated Bombon-.
nel, and the only fear of the aftair "proving a fiasco is the death of lions. So
scarce have lions become throuohout
Algeria that a company Avas. lately
formed at Rome for the purpose of lion
rearing. •
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